Имитационный шаманский обряд нганасан: к проблеме сценического воплощения ритуальной практики = Nganasans imitation shamanic ritual: to the problem of onstage interpretation of ritual practice

В статье на основе полевых материалов автора, собранных в 1989 –2018 гг., анализируется практика шаманских традиций у нганасан. В последней четверти ХХ в. сложилась практика сценического исполнения или имитации фрагментов шаманских ритуалов. Их могли исполнять близкие или отдаленные родственники шаманов, но иногда и люди, не имеющие отношения к шаманству. Содержание песнопений – благопожелание присутствующим – оправдывало ситуацию ритуального пения на сцене. Имитационный шаманский обряд – сложное явление, соединяющее традиционные, профессиональные и инновационные нормы фольклора, и нуждающееся в дальнейшем изучении. The author on the basis of the own field materials collected during 1989–2018analyzes the practice of modern onstage interpretations of shamanism.Unfortunately, at the end of the 20th century the authentic Nganasan shamanism disappeared. It was well studied by researchers. However, in the last quarter of the 20th century, during the life of shaman Demnime Kosterkin andhis son Dulsymyaku Kosterkin, there was a practice of scenic performanceof fragments of shamanic rituals. Stage imitations of shamanic ritual couldbe performed by close or distant relatives of shamans (for example, the folkgroup “Ngamtusuo”), but sometimes by people which hadn’t any relationsto the shamanism. At the folklore festival in Dudinka (2015, 2018), shortfragments from the shamanic rites of Nganasan were shown. They were performed by Evdokia Demnimeevna Porbina (born in 1938) – the daughter ofthe shaman Demnime. Her assistants were T.D. Turkina, S.M. Kudryakova,A.N. Chunanchar. The musicological comparison of the melodies showedthat there were authentic shamanic melodies from the repertoire DemnimeKosterkin which sounded on the scene. Shamanic songs were performed inthe style of polyphonic responsorial singing (one verse singing by a shamanalternates with the same verse in the part of assistants), that style is specific forthe shamanic rite. The chants contained good wishes to those present, which istypical for shamanic spells. Unlike meaningful shamanic chants performed bythe shaman’s daughter, the costumed image of the shaman (it was representedin the dance) had no ritual function and was only a decorative ornament of thestage composition. Imitation shamanic ritual is a complex phenomenon thatcombines traditional, professional and innovative norms of folklore, and needsto be the subject for a further study.